Bulgaria is a republic in southeastern Europe. The capital and largest city is Sofiya. Bulgarian culture has been influenced successively by Byzantine, Greek, Russian, and Western cultures.

Large libraries in Sofiya include the Central Library of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the library of the University of Sofiya, and the Cyril and Methodius National Library. The Ivan Vazov National Library is located in Plovdiv.

The country has more than 200 museums. In Sofiya are botanical and zoological museums and gardens; the National Archaeological Museum, with a collection of old coins and finds from many ancient burial mounds; and the National Ethnographical Museum. Other museums in the country are devoted to history, science, and the revolutionary movement.

Bulgarian handicrafts include rich folk embroideries and ornaments. Some of the best sculpture, wood carving, etchings, and painting are based on traditional culture and native subjects. The chief architectural monuments of Bulgaria are medieval churches and monasteries. The chief native musical instruments are the gaida (bagpipe) and the kaval (a wooden shepherd's flute). The characteristic folk dances are variations of the hora, a round chain dance, and the ruchenitsa, a lively dance of two couples. Modern Bulgarian orchestral and operatic compositions have occasionally gained recognition in other countries.

Most of Bulgaria has a harsh continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The average annual temperature is about 12.8° C (about 55° F).