Pergamum, or Bergama, was a Hellenistic city state that once rivaled Athens and Alexandria as a cultural center. It is the site of one of the Seven Churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation. It became an important missionary center after the adoption of Christianity.

Pergamum is best known for its famous library, believed to have a capacity of 17,000 volumes at the height of its prosperity around 200 BC. The Egyptians banned the export of papyrus when they got word of the growing library. This led to the use of parchment, and the production of paged books.